06_表单与输入
Flutter 表单组件和输入处理
TextField、Form、表单验证、Checkbox、Switch 等输入控件。
TextField(输入框)
// 基础输入框
TextField(
decoration: const InputDecoration(
labelText: '用户名', // 浮动标签
hintText: '请输入用户名', // 占位提示
prefixIcon: Icon(Icons.person), // 前缀图标
suffixIcon: Icon(Icons.clear), // 后缀图标
border: OutlineInputBorder(), // 边框样式
filled: true, // 背景填充
fillColor: Colors.grey,
),
keyboardType: TextInputType.emailAddress, // 键盘类型
obscureText: true, // 密码模式
maxLength: 50, // 最大字符数
maxLines: 3, // 多行输入(类似 textarea)
onChanged: (value) => print(value), // 值变化回调
onSubmitted: (value) => submit(value), // 提交回调(按键盘完成键)
)
keyboardType 常用值:
| 值 | 用途 |
|---|---|
TextInputType.text |
普通文字(默认) |
TextInputType.emailAddress |
邮箱(@ 键更明显) |
TextInputType.number |
纯数字 |
TextInputType.phone |
电话号码 |
TextInputType.multiline |
多行文本 |
TextInputType.url |
URL |
TextEditingController(读写输入值)
类似 Vue 的 ref() / React 的 useRef():
class _MyFormState extends State<MyForm> {
final _nameController = TextEditingController();
final _emailController = TextEditingController();
@override
void initState() {
super.initState();
// 设置初始值
_nameController.text = '默认用户名';
}
@override
void dispose() {
// 必须释放,否则内存泄漏!
_nameController.dispose();
_emailController.dispose();
super.dispose();
}
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return Column(
children: [
TextField(controller: _nameController),
TextField(controller: _emailController),
ElevatedButton(
onPressed: () {
print(_nameController.text); // 读取值
_nameController.text = '新名称'; // 设置值
_nameController.clear(); // 清空
// 设置光标位置
_nameController.selection = TextSelection.fromPosition(
TextPosition(offset: _nameController.text.length),
);
},
child: const Text('操作'),
),
],
);
}
}
Form 与 TextFormField(表单验证)
class LoginForm extends StatefulWidget {
const LoginForm({super.key});
@override
State<LoginForm> createState() => _LoginFormState();
}
class _LoginFormState extends State<LoginForm> {
final _formKey = GlobalKey<FormState>(); // 表单唯一标识(用于触发验证)
final _emailController = TextEditingController();
final _passwordController = TextEditingController();
bool _obscurePassword = true;
@override
void dispose() {
_emailController.dispose();
_passwordController.dispose();
super.dispose();
}
void _submit() {
if (_formKey.currentState!.validate()) { // 触发所有字段验证
print('提交: ${_emailController.text}');
}
}
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return Form(
key: _formKey,
child: Column(
children: [
// TextFormField = TextField + 验证功能
TextFormField(
controller: _emailController,
decoration: const InputDecoration(
labelText: '邮箱',
prefixIcon: Icon(Icons.email),
border: OutlineInputBorder(),
),
keyboardType: TextInputType.emailAddress,
validator: (value) { // 返回 null = 验证通过;返回字符串 = 错误提示
if (value == null || value.isEmpty) return '邮箱不能为空';
final emailRegex = RegExp(r'^[\w-\.]+@([\w-]+\.)+[\w-]{2,4}$');
if (!emailRegex.hasMatch(value)) return '邮箱格式不正确';
return null;
},
),
const SizedBox(height: 16),
TextFormField(
controller: _passwordController,
decoration: InputDecoration(
labelText: '密码',
prefixIcon: const Icon(Icons.lock),
border: const OutlineInputBorder(),
suffixIcon: IconButton(
icon: Icon(_obscurePassword ? Icons.visibility_off : Icons.visibility),
onPressed: () => setState(() => _obscurePassword = !_obscurePassword),
),
),
obscureText: _obscurePassword,
validator: (value) {
if (value == null || value.isEmpty) return '密码不能为空';
if (value.length < 6) return '密码至少 6 位';
return null;
},
),
const SizedBox(height: 24),
SizedBox(
width: double.infinity, // 宽度撑满(类似 width: 100%)
height: 48,
child: ElevatedButton(
onPressed: _submit,
child: const Text('登录', style: TextStyle(fontSize: 16)),
),
),
],
),
);
}
}
其他输入控件
Checkbox
class _CheckboxState extends State<CheckboxDemo> {
bool _isChecked = false;
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return CheckboxListTile( // 带 label 的 Checkbox(更常用)
title: const Text('记住密码'),
value: _isChecked,
onChanged: (value) => setState(() => _isChecked = value!),
);
}
}
Switch
SwitchListTile(
title: const Text('开启通知'),
subtitle: const Text('接收推送消息'),
value: _notificationEnabled,
onChanged: (value) => setState(() => _notificationEnabled = value),
)
Radio(单选)
Column(
children: ['男', '女', '保密'].map((option) =>
RadioListTile<String>(
title: Text(option),
value: option,
groupValue: _selectedGender,
onChanged: (value) => setState(() => _selectedGender = value),
),
).toList(),
)
Slider(滑块)
Slider(
value: _volume,
min: 0,
max: 100,
divisions: 10, // 刻度数
label: '${_volume.round()}%',
onChanged: (value) => setState(() => _volume = value),
)
DropdownButton(下拉选择)
DropdownButtonFormField<String>(
value: _selectedCity,
decoration: const InputDecoration(
labelText: '城市',
border: OutlineInputBorder(),
),
items: ['北京', '上海', '广州', '深圳'].map((city) =>
DropdownMenuItem(value: city, child: Text(city)),
).toList(),
onChanged: (value) => setState(() => _selectedCity = value),
validator: (value) => value == null ? '请选择城市' : null,
)